Read How Recombinant DNA Enters a Cell
Choose a delivery method that fits the host cell, then make sure the DNA can enter and function.
Gene Transfer and Competence is the central idea in this question pattern. Identify the condition in the stem before applying the method below.
Match method to cell
Microinjection delivers DNA directly into animal cells. Plant cells can be transformed by a gene gun or by Agrobacterium. Engineered bacteriophages and adenoviruses can act as disarmed vectors.
Use Agrobacterium and competent bacteria
Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfers T-DNA into plant genomes; natural T-DNA can induce crown gall by changing hormone production. Divalent cations such as Ca²⁺ help bacterial cells take up DNA, followed by heat shock in the standard protocol.
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- ✓Animal cell → microinjection; plant cell → gene gun/Agrobacterium.
- ✓Agrobacterium transfers T-DNA.
- ✓Ca²⁺ treatment helps bacterial competence.
- ✓A mosquito is not a disarmed vector.
Delivery method and selectable-marker screening are separate steps.
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